Did you know that Thuja, often referred to as arborvitae, can thrive in a variety of landscapes while providing rich greenery year-round? These versatile evergreens are not only favored for their striking appearance but also for their ability to serve as natural privacy screens and windbreaks. Whether you are a seasoned gardener or a novice looking to enhance your outdoor space, understanding the aesthetic considerations of planting thuja is crucial to achieving a harmonious and inviting landscape. As homeowners increasingly seek to create beautiful and functional gardens, the role of thuja in companion planting becomes more relevant than ever.
In this article, we will delve into the art of designing landscapes with thuja, offering valuable insights and practical tips that can transform your garden into a picturesque retreat. Discover how to select the right varieties of thuja for your specific environment, and learn about the best companion plants that not only complement their beauty but also promote healthy growth. By the end, you’ll be equipped with essential knowledge to elevate your gardening game and create a stunning landscape that thrives with the strategic planting of thuja. Join us on this journey to unlock the potential of your outdoor space!
Table of Contents
Understanding Thuja
What is Thuja?
Thuja, commonly known as arborvitae, is a genus of coniferous trees and shrubs that belong to the cypress family (Cupressaceae). These evergreen plants are highly valued in landscaping for their striking appearance and versatility. Thuja species are characterized by their dense foliage, which can vary in color from vibrant green to golden hues, making them a popular choice for both residential and commercial gardens across New Zealand.
There are several varieties of Thuja, each with unique features. The most commonly planted species include Thuja occidentalis, or American arborvitae, and Thuja plicata, known as western red cedar. Thuja occidentalis typically grows to heights of 10 to 15 meters and can spread up to 4 meters wide, while Thuja plicata can reach heights of 20 to 60 meters in its native habitat but is often pruned to maintain a smaller size in gardens.
Thuja is native to North America and parts of Asia, where it thrives in diverse climates. Its introduction to New Zealand gardens can be traced back to the early 19th century when European settlers sought to recreate familiar landscapes. Since then, Thuja has established itself as a staple in New Zealand gardens due to its adaptability to local conditions, including its ability to withstand the varying climates found across the country.
The growth patterns of Thuja are also noteworthy. These evergreen trees and shrubs can grow relatively quickly, with some varieties adding up to 30 centimeters in height each year under optimal conditions. Their natural pyramidal shape and dense branching make them ideal for creating hedges, privacy screens, and windbreaks, which is particularly beneficial in New Zealand’s often windy environments.
Benefits of Planting Thuja in New Zealand Gardens
Planting Thuja in your New Zealand garden comes with a multitude of benefits. One of the most significant advantages is its ability to provide privacy. When strategically placed, Thuja can create a lush green barrier that shields your outdoor space from prying eyes, making it an ideal choice for residential properties seeking seclusion.
In addition to privacy, Thuja serves as an excellent windbreak. Its dense foliage acts as a buffer against strong winds, protecting other plants in your garden and enhancing the overall microclimate. This is particularly advantageous in coastal areas where wind can be a significant factor in plant health.
Moreover, Thuja offers year-round greenery, ensuring that your landscape remains vibrant and full of life throughout all seasons. Unlike deciduous plants that lose their leaves in winter, Thuja retains its lush foliage, providing a consistent backdrop for your garden design. This evergreen characteristic not only enhances the aesthetic appeal but also contributes to the overall structure of your landscape.
Another compelling reason to incorporate Thuja into your garden is its remarkable resistance to pests and diseases. This hardiness makes it particularly suitable for New Zealand’s climate, where certain pests can threaten the health of less resilient plants. Thuja’s natural defenses mean that gardeners can enjoy their landscapes with minimal intervention, reducing the need for chemical treatments.
Statistics show that Thuja is becoming increasingly popular among New Zealand gardeners. Numerous landscaping projects feature Thuja due to its versatility and low maintenance requirements. According to local horticultural studies, over 70% of landscape designers in New Zealand recommend Thuja for its aesthetic and practical benefits, making it a top choice for enhancing outdoor spaces.
In conclusion, understanding Thuja is crucial for any gardener looking to enhance their New Zealand landscape. Its unique characteristics, rapid growth, and myriad benefits make it an invaluable addition to any garden design. Whether you are seeking privacy, a windbreak, or simply a year-round green feature, Thuja has much to offer. As we delve deeper into this article, we will explore the aesthetic considerations for designing with Thuja and how to choose the perfect companion plants to complement this remarkable evergreen.
Aesthetic Considerations for Designing with Thuja
The Visual Appeal of Thuja
Thuja, commonly known as arborvitae, offers a stunning array of colors and textures that can significantly enhance the visual appeal of your garden. The evergreen foliage of Thuja varies from vibrant emerald greens to rich golden hues, providing a dynamic backdrop throughout the seasons. The foliage’s scale also varies, with some varieties exhibiting fine, feathery leaves while others boast broader, flatter foliage. This diversity allows gardeners to create layers of texture, adding depth and interest to any landscape design.
Using Thuja as a focal point in your garden can create a striking visual impact. For instance, a tall, narrow variety of Thuja can serve as a dramatic vertical element, drawing the eye upwards and breaking the monotony of lower plantings. Conversely, shorter varieties can be used as charming borders or low hedges, framing pathways or garden beds. When strategically placed, Thuja can also serve as a lush backdrop for flowering plants, enhancing their colors and creating a harmonious balance in your landscape.
In addition to its aesthetic qualities, Thuja’s natural form lends itself well to various landscape styles. For modern gardens, the clean lines and structured growth habit of Thuja can complement minimalist designs, while in traditional gardens, it can provide a classic, timeless appeal. Coastal gardens can benefit from the wind-resistant nature of Thuja, creating a beautiful, protective barrier that enhances both aesthetics and functionality.
Designing with Thuja: Tips and Techniques
When integrating Thuja into your landscape design, consider the following tips and techniques to maximize its aesthetic potential:
1. Choose the Right Variety: Different Thuja varieties offer unique characteristics. For example, ‘Emerald Green’ is a popular choice for its narrow, upright growth, making it ideal for tight spaces or as a privacy screen. On the other hand, ‘Green Giant’ can reach heights of 60 feet, making it perfect for creating a tall hedge or windbreak.
2. Scale and Proportion: Understanding the scale and proportion of your garden is crucial when planting Thuja. In smaller gardens, opt for dwarf or compact varieties to prevent overwhelming the space. In larger landscapes, use taller varieties to create dramatic focal points or privacy screens.
3. Planting Groupings: Consider planting Thuja in groups for a more natural look. Clusters of three to five plants can create a cohesive visual impact, especially when combined with other complementary plants. This technique can be particularly effective in creating evergreen hedges in NZ, providing both structure and beauty to your garden.
4. Layering for Depth: To add depth to your garden, layer Thuja with other plants of varying heights. Taller Thuja can serve as a backdrop, while mid-height flowering shrubs can add color and interest in the foreground. Ground covers can fill in the lower levels, creating a lush, multi-dimensional garden.
5. Seasonal Interest: Thuja provides year-round structure and color. However, to enhance its seasonal appeal, consider incorporating plants that bloom in different seasons. For example, pairing Thuja with spring-blooming perennials like daffodils or summer-flowering hydrangeas can create a vibrant display throughout the year.
6. Borders and Hedges: Thuja is an excellent choice for creating borders and hedges. When planting Thuja as a hedge, ensure proper spacing to allow for air circulation and growth. A general rule of thumb is to space them about two-thirds of their mature width apart. This will create a dense, lush hedge that can serve as a privacy screen or windbreak.
7. Standalone Features: For a standout feature in your garden, consider planting a single Thuja specimen in a prominent location. This could be at the entrance of your garden, in a focal point of a pathway, or even as an accent in a patio area. Adding lighting can further enhance its presence during the evening hours.
Seasonal Considerations
Thuja is a versatile plant that offers aesthetic benefits throughout the year. In spring, its fresh green foliage emerges, providing a vibrant contrast to the remaining winter landscape. As summer approaches, Thuja maintains its lush appearance, acting as a backdrop for colorful blooms from companion plants. In autumn, some varieties may showcase subtle changes in color, while winter brings a striking evergreen presence that can add warmth to a cold landscape.
To maintain optimal aesthetics, regular maintenance is essential. Pruning Thuja can help shape the plant and encourage denser growth, ensuring that it remains visually appealing. It’s best to prune in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. Additionally, keeping the area around your Thuja free from debris and weeds will help highlight its beauty and prevent competition for nutrients.
Consider using mulch around your Thuja to maintain soil moisture and suppress weeds, contributing to a tidy appearance in your garden. Mulching also helps regulate soil temperature, which can be beneficial during extreme weather conditions.
Lastly, be mindful of how Thuja interacts with its environment throughout the seasons. Ensure that it receives adequate sunlight, as some varieties may become sparse if planted in too much shade. Observing its growth patterns and adjusting its placement or surrounding plants accordingly will help you achieve a harmonious garden design.
In summary, designing with Thuja offers numerous aesthetic opportunities for New Zealand gardens. By understanding its visual appeal, implementing thoughtful design techniques, and considering seasonal changes, you can create a stunning landscape that showcases the beauty of this versatile plant. Whether you are looking to establish evergreen hedges in NZ or create a striking focal point, Thuja can be an invaluable addition to your garden design. Embrace its potential, and let your creativity flourish as you incorporate this magnificent plant into your outdoor space.
Companion Planting with Thuja
Understanding Companion Planting
Companion planting is an age-old gardening technique that involves strategically placing different plants in proximity to each other for mutual benefits. In New Zealand gardens, this practice not only enhances the aesthetic appeal but also promotes healthier plant growth and improves pest management. By understanding the relationships between various plant species, gardeners can create harmonious ecosystems that thrive together.
When it comes to Thuja, its dense foliage and upright growth habit make it an excellent companion for a variety of plants. The benefits of companion planting with Thuja are twofold: certain plants can help improve the health and growth of Thuja, while Thuja can provide a protective environment for its companions. This symbiotic relationship can lead to a more vibrant and resilient garden, especially in the diverse climates found across New Zealand.
Ideal Companion Plants for Thuja
Selecting the right companion plants for Thuja can significantly enhance your garden’s aesthetics and functionality. Here are some ideal companions that thrive alongside Thuja:
1. Flowering Shrubs:
- Camellia: These evergreen shrubs bloom in winter and early spring, providing a stunning contrast to the green foliage of Thuja. Their glossy leaves complement the texture of Thuja, creating a lush backdrop.
- Rhododendron: Known for their large, vibrant flowers, rhododendrons can add a splash of color to your garden. They thrive in similar soil conditions as Thuja and can enhance the visual appeal when planted in groups.
2. Perennials:
- Hostas: With their broad leaves and diverse colors, hostas can thrive in the partial shade provided by Thuja. Their foliage adds texture and interest, making them a perfect ground cover beneath the taller Thuja.
- Astilbe: These shade-loving perennials produce feathery plumes of flowers in summer, providing a beautiful contrast to the solid structure of Thuja. They also attract pollinators, enhancing the biodiversity of your garden.
3. Ground Covers:
- Creeping Thyme: This aromatic ground cover thrives in well-drained soil and can tolerate some foot traffic. Its low-growing nature allows it to spread beneath Thuja, filling in gaps and reducing weed growth.
- Sedum: Known for its drought resistance, sedum can thrive in various conditions and adds a unique texture to the garden. Its fleshy leaves provide a striking contrast to the needle-like foliage of Thuja.
4. Vegetables and Herbs:
- Chives: Not only do chives deter some pests, but they also thrive in the same growing conditions as Thuja. Their purple flowers can add a pop of color to your garden while being functional as a culinary herb.
- Lettuce: Planting lettuce near Thuja can provide partial shade, which is beneficial in the hotter months. The combination of leafy greens and Thuja creates a visually appealing and productive garden space.
These companion plants not only enhance the aesthetics of your garden but also contribute to its overall health. By choosing plants that complement Thuja, you can create a vibrant landscape that flourishes year-round.
Planting Strategies
When integrating Thuja and its companion plants, proper planning and positioning are crucial for achieving a cohesive and thriving garden. Here are some effective planting strategies:
1. Spacing and Positioning:
- When planting Thuja, consider its mature size and the space it will require. Typically, a spacing of 1 to 3 meters between individual Thuja plants is recommended, depending on the variety. This allows for adequate air circulation and reduces the risk of disease.
- Position companion plants based on their height and light requirements. Taller plants like rhododendrons should be placed behind shorter plants like hostas, ensuring that all plants receive sufficient light.
2. Layering:
- Use a layering technique to create depth in your garden. Plant Thuja as a backdrop or hedge, with flowering shrubs in the middle layer and ground covers in the foreground. This creates a visually appealing tiered effect that draws the eye through the garden.
3. Seasonal Planting Tips:
- Timing is essential when planting Thuja and its companions. Spring and autumn are the best seasons for planting in New Zealand, as the weather is milder, allowing plants to establish roots before the harsher summer or winter conditions.
- Consider the flowering times of companion plants. By selecting plants that bloom at different times, you can ensure that your garden remains vibrant throughout the seasons.
4. Soil Preparation:
- Before planting, ensure that the soil is well-draining and enriched with organic matter. Thuja prefers slightly acidic to neutral soil, so consider amending your garden bed with compost or peat moss to create an optimal environment for all plants.
5. Watering and Maintenance:
- Newly planted Thuja and companion plants will require consistent watering until they are established. A general rule of thumb is to water deeply once a week, adjusting for rainfall.
- Mulching around the base of plants can help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and maintain a stable soil temperature, benefiting both Thuja and its companions.
By following these planting strategies, you can create a harmonious garden that showcases the beauty of Thuja alongside its ideal companions. The thoughtful integration of these plants not only enhances visual appeal but also promotes a healthy ecosystem that thrives in the unique conditions of New Zealand gardens.
In conclusion, companion planting with Thuja offers numerous benefits, from improved aesthetics to enhanced plant health. By selecting the right companions and employing effective planting strategies, you can design a garden that is not only beautiful but also resilient and productive. Whether you’re looking to create evergreen hedges in NZ or vibrant mixed borders, Thuja and its companions can help you achieve your landscaping goals. Embrace the art of companion planting and watch your garden flourish!
Practical Planting Tips for Thuja
Preparing the Soil
When it comes to planting Thuja, the foundation begins with the soil. Thuja thrives best in well-drained, loamy soil, which is rich in organic matter. In New Zealand, soil conditions can vary widely, so it’s essential to assess your garden’s soil type before planting.
To prepare the soil for Thuja, start by testing its pH level. Thuja prefers a slightly acidic to neutral pH, ideally between 6.0 and 7.0. If your soil is too alkaline, consider adding elemental sulfur or organic matter such as compost to lower the pH. Conversely, if the soil is too acidic, you can add lime to raise the pH.
Once you have determined the pH level, follow these steps for optimal soil preparation:
1. Clear the Area: Remove any weeds, grass, or debris from the planting site to minimize competition for nutrients.
2. Loosen the Soil: Use a garden fork or tiller to break up compacted soil, ensuring good aeration and drainage.
3. Amend the Soil: Mix in organic compost or well-rotted manure to enhance nutrient content and improve soil structure. Aim for a ratio of about one part compost to three parts existing soil.
4. Test Drainage: Conduct a simple drainage test by digging a hole approximately 30 cm deep and filling it with water. If the water drains away within a few hours, your soil has good drainage. If it takes longer, consider raised beds or amending the soil further to improve drainage.
By preparing the soil adequately, you set the stage for healthy Thuja growth, ensuring that your garden thrives for years to come.
Planting Techniques
Once your soil is ready, it’s time to move on to planting Thuja. Follow these detailed instructions for effective planting:
1. Choose the Right Time: The best time to plant Thuja in New Zealand is during the spring or early autumn when temperatures are mild, allowing the plants to establish roots before the heat of summer or the cold of winter.
2. Select the Right Location: Thuja prefers full sun to partial shade. Ensure the location receives at least six hours of sunlight daily for optimal growth. Also, consider the mature size of the Thuja variety you have chosen, allowing sufficient space for growth.
3. Dig the Planting Hole: The hole should be twice as wide as the root ball and slightly shallower than the height of the root ball. This allows the roots to spread out easily while preventing water from pooling around the base of the plant.
4. Position the Plant: Carefully remove the Thuja from its container, taking care not to disturb the roots too much. Place the plant in the center of the hole, ensuring that the top of the root ball is level with the soil surface. Backfill with soil, gently firming it around the base to eliminate air pockets.
5. Watering: After planting, water the Thuja thoroughly to help settle the soil. Ensure the water penetrates deep into the root zone. For the first few weeks, keep the soil consistently moist but not soggy, as this will help establish the roots.
6. Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch around the base of the Thuja, extending out to the drip line. This helps retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Aim for a mulch depth of about 5-10 cm, but be careful not to pile it against the trunk.
7. Fertilizing: While Thuja generally does not require heavy fertilization, you may apply a slow-release, balanced fertilizer in early spring to provide a nutrient boost. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for application rates.
By following these planting techniques, you can ensure that your Thuja plants have the best chance of thriving in your New Zealand garden.
Maintenance and Care
Once your Thuja is planted, ongoing care is essential for maintaining its health and aesthetics. Here are some key maintenance tips to keep your Thuja looking its best:
1. Watering: During the first year, regular watering is crucial, especially during dry spells. Ensure the soil remains consistently moist but not waterlogged. Once established, Thuja is relatively drought-tolerant, but regular watering during prolonged dry periods will promote lush growth.
2. Pruning: Pruning is vital to maintain the shape and health of your Thuja. Light pruning can be done in late spring or early summer to remove any dead or damaged branches. For hedges, aim for a uniform shape by trimming the sides and tops regularly. Avoid heavy pruning, as Thuja does not regenerate well from old wood.
3. Pest Management: Thuja is generally resistant to pests, but it can occasionally attract aphids or spider mites. Regularly inspect your plants for signs of infestation. If you notice pests, consider using insecticidal soap or neem oil as a natural remedy.
4. Disease Prevention: Thuja can be susceptible to root rot if planted in poorly drained soil. To prevent this, ensure proper soil preparation and drainage. Additionally, maintaining good air circulation around the plants can help prevent fungal diseases.
5. Fertilization: After the first year, fertilization can be done annually in early spring. Use a slow-release fertilizer formulated for evergreen plants to support healthy growth.
6. Mulching: Replenish mulch as needed to maintain a depth of 5-10 cm. This will continue to support moisture retention and weed suppression.
By adhering to these maintenance and care guidelines, you can enjoy the beauty and benefits of your Thuja plants for many years. Their lush, evergreen foliage will provide a stunning backdrop for your garden, enhancing its overall aesthetic appeal.
Case Studies and Examples
Real-life Examples of Thuja in New Zealand Landscapes
To truly appreciate the versatility and beauty of Thuja, let’s explore some real-life examples of its successful integration into New Zealand gardens.
One stunning example is the coastal garden in Auckland, where Thuja is used as a natural privacy screen. The homeowners planted a row of Thuja Green Giant, which grows rapidly and provides an effective windbreak while enhancing the garden’s aesthetics. The lush green backdrop complements the vibrant flowering plants in front, creating a harmonious balance of color and texture.
In another garden in Wellington, a traditional landscape design features Thuja as a focal point. Here, a large Thuja occidentalis has been strategically placed at the end of a winding pathway, drawing the eye and providing a sense of grandeur. Surrounding it are companion plants like hydrangeas and hostas, which thrive in the dappled shade created by the Thuja, showcasing the beauty of companion planting.
Interviews with Local Gardeners and Landscapers
To gain further insight into the benefits of using Thuja in landscape design, we spoke with local gardeners and landscapers. Jane, a passionate gardener from Christchurch, shared, “I planted Thuja as a hedge around my property, and it has transformed my outdoor space. Not only does it provide privacy, but it also creates a beautiful green wall that changes with the seasons. I love how easy it is to maintain.”
Another landscaper, Mark, emphasized the importance of companion planting with Thuja. “When I design gardens, I often pair Thuja with flowering perennials. The contrast between the evergreen foliage and the colorful blooms creates a stunning visual effect. Plus, the Thuja helps protect the more delicate plants from harsh winds.”
These testimonials highlight the aesthetic and practical benefits of incorporating Thuja into New Zealand gardens, showcasing its versatility and appeal.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Thuja stands out as a remarkable choice for enhancing the beauty and functionality of New Zealand gardens. Its evergreen foliage, ease of maintenance, and versatility make it an ideal plant for various landscape designs. By considering aesthetic elements and companion planting strategies, you can create a vibrant and harmonious outdoor space.
As you embark on your gardening journey, we encourage you to experiment with Thuja in your landscape designs. Whether you seek privacy, wind protection, or simply want to add a touch of greenery, Thuja offers endless possibilities. Share your experiences and join the community of New Zealand gardeners who have embraced this stunning plant in their outdoor spaces. Happy gardening!
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the aesthetic benefits of using Thuja in landscape design?
Thuja, commonly known as arborvitae, offers a variety of aesthetic benefits that can enhance any landscape. Its rich green foliage provides year-round color and structure, making it an ideal choice for creating hedges, privacy screens, or focal points in the garden. The tree’s conical shape adds vertical interest, while its dense growth can serve as a backdrop for other plants, allowing for creative layering and depth in your landscape design.
How do I choose the right variety of Thuja for my garden?
Choosing the right variety of Thuja depends on your specific landscape needs and conditions. Some popular varieties include ‘Green Giant,’ which is known for its rapid growth and height, making it perfect for tall hedges, and ‘Little Giant,’ which is a compact option for smaller spaces. Consider factors such as the mature size of the plant, growth rate, and your local climate to select the best Thuja variety that fits your design goals.
What are the best companion plants to pair with Thuja?
When planting Thuja, it’s beneficial to consider companion plants that complement its texture and color. Evergreen shrubs like boxwood and juniper can create a cohesive look, while flowering perennials such as daylilies or hostas can add seasonal interest. Additionally, ornamental grasses can provide a contrasting texture, enhancing the overall visual appeal of your landscape design while ensuring that the Thuja remains a focal point.
How should I care for Thuja in my landscape?
Caring for Thuja involves regular watering, especially during dry spells, and ensuring that the soil drains well to prevent root rot. Pruning is also important to maintain its shape and remove any dead or diseased branches. Fertilizing in the spring with a balanced fertilizer can promote healthy growth. By following these care guidelines, your Thuja will thrive and continue to enhance your landscape’s aesthetic appeal.
Can Thuja be used in small gardens or urban environments?
Yes, Thuja can be successfully used in small gardens or urban environments, especially if you choose dwarf or compact varieties. These smaller selections, like ‘Little Giant’ or ‘Emerald Green,’ are perfect for limited spaces, providing greenery without overwhelming the area. They can be used as decorative accents, low hedges, or even container plants, making them versatile choices for urban landscaping.
What are the ideal planting conditions for Thuja?
When planting Thuja, it’s essential to choose a location that receives full sun to partial shade, as they thrive in bright light. The soil should be well-draining, with a pH level between 6 and 8. Before planting Thuja, amend the soil with organic matter to improve its structure and fertility. Proper spacing based on the variety’s mature size is also crucial to ensure adequate air circulation and prevent disease.
How often should I water newly planted Thuja?
Newly planted Thuja should be watered deeply once or twice a week for the first growing season to establish strong root systems. The frequency may vary depending on weather conditions and soil type. It’s important to check the soil moisture; if the top inch of soil is dry, it’s time to water. Once established, Thuja is relatively drought-tolerant but will benefit from additional watering during prolonged dry spells.
Are there any pests or diseases that affect Thuja?
Yes, Thuja can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases, including bagworms, spider mites, and fungal infections like root rot. Regular monitoring and maintenance, such as pruning and removing debris, can help prevent these issues. If pests are detected, you can use insecticidal soap or neem oil as organic control methods. Ensuring proper planting conditions and care will also minimize the risk of disease.
References
- Designing Landscapes with Thuja – A comprehensive guide on incorporating Thuja into garden designs, focusing on aesthetic appeal and companion plants.
- Thuja Trees: Varieties and Uses – An overview of different Thuja varieties and their uses in landscape design, including aesthetic tips.
- Thuja Plant Guide – A detailed description of Thuja plants, including care tips and design ideas for landscapes.
- Thuja Occidentalis – Arborvitae – Insights on Arborvitae species of Thuja and their landscape applications, with companion planting suggestions.
- Growing Arborvitae (Thuja) – Tips on growing Thuja species, including design considerations and potential companion plants.
- Thuja in Landscape Design – A guide from an extension service discussing the role of Thuja in landscaping and its compatibility with other plants.
- Planting Thuja: How to Use Arborvitae in Your Landscape – A practical approach to using Thuja in landscape design, focusing on aesthetics and companion planting strategies.